13. Performance Tips and Best Practices

This chapter presents tips and techniques for writing high-performance applications with AMPS. This section presents principles and approaches that describe how to use the features of AMPS and the AMPS client libraries to achieve high performance and reliability.

Specific techniques (for example, the details on how to write a message handler) are described in other parts of the AMPS documentation and referenced here. Other techniques require information specific to the application (for example, determining the minimum set of information required in a message), and are best done as part of your application design.

All of the recommendations in this section are general guidelines. There are few, if any, universal rules for performance: at times, a design decision that is absolutely necessary to meet the requirements for an application might reduce performance somewhat. For example, your application might involve sending large binary data that cannot be incrementally updated. That application will use more bandwidth per message than an application that sends 100-byte messages with fields that can be incrementally updated. However, since the application depends on being able to deliver the binary payloads, this difference in bandwidth consumption is a part of the requirements for the application, not a design decision that can be optimized.

Measure Performance and Set Goals

The most important tools for creating high performance applications that use AMPS are clear goals and accurate measurement. Without accurate measurement, it’s impossible to know whether a particular change has improved performance or not. Without clear goals, it’s difficult to know whether a given result is sufficient, or whether you need to continue improving performance.

60East recommends that your measurements include baseline metrics for the part of your message processing that does not involve AMPS. As an example, imagine your task is to reduce the amount of time that elapses between when an order is sent and when the processed response is received from 100ms in total to 85ms in total. To achieve this reduction, you might first measure the processing that your application performs on the order. If that processing consumes 65ms, the most effective optimization may be to improve the order processing. On the other hand, if processing an order consumes 15ms, then optimizing message delivery or network utilization may be the most effective way to meet your goals.

When measuring performance, simulate your production environment as closely as possible. For example, AMPS is highly parallelized, so sending a pattern of subscriptions and publishes from a single test client that would normally come from 20 clients will produce a very different performance profile. Likewise, AMPS can typically perform at rates that fill the available bandwidth. Performance measured on a 1GbE connection may be very different than performance measured over a 10GbE connection. Consider the characteristics of your data, and the number of messages you expect to store and process. A 1GB data set consisting of 1 million records will perform differently than a 1GB data set consisting of 10 million records, or a 1GB data set consisting of 100 records.

When collecting information about performance, 60East recommends enabling persistence for the Statistics Database (stats.db), so you can easily collect historical data on both AMPS and the operating system. For example, a dip in performance correlated with high CPU and memory usage at the same time each day may be correlated with other activity on the system (such as cron jobs or close of business processing). In a situation like that, where the performance reduction is based on factors external to the AMPS application, the overall system metrics captured in stats.db can help you re-create the external state and understand the state of the system as a whole. AMPS collects the statistics in memory by default, and persisting that data into a database does not typically have a measurable effect on performance itself, but makes measuring and tuning performance much easier.

For performance testing, 60East recommends using dedicated hardware for AMPS to eliminate the effects of other processes. If dedicated hardware is not available and other processes are consuming resources, 60East recommends disabling AMPS NUMA tuning to ensure that AMPS threads do not unnecessarily compete with other processes during performance tuning.

Simplify Message Format and Contents

AMPS supports a wide range of message types, and is capable of filtering and processing large and complex messages. For many applications, the simplicity of being able to use messages that contain the full information is the most important consideration. For other applications, however, achieving the minimum possible latency and the maximum possible network utilization is important enough to warrant choosing a simplified message format.

To simplify message contents, carefully consider the information that downstream processors require. If a downstream process will not use information in the message, there is no need to send the information. For example, consider an application that provides orders from a UI. In such an application, the object that represents the order often contains information relevant to the local state of the application that is not relevant to a downstream system. Rather than simply serializing the full object, your application may perform better if you serialize only the fields that a downstream system will take action on.

To simplify message format, choose the simplest format that can convey the information that your application needs. The general principle is that the simpler the message format is, the more quickly AMPS and client libraries can parse messages of that type. Likewise, the more complicated the structure of each message is, the more work is required to parse the message. For the highest levels of performance, 60East recommends keeping the message structure simple and preferring message formats such as NVFIX, BFlat, or JSON as compared with more complicated formats such as XML or BSON.

Use Content Filtering Where Possible

AMPS content filtering helps your application perform better by ensuring that your application only receives the messages that it needs. Wherever possible, we recommend using content filtering to precisely specify which messages your application needs. In particular, if at any point your application is receiving a message, parsing the message, and then determining whether to act on the message or not, 60East recommends using content filters to ensure that your application only receives messages that it needs to act on.

Use Asynchronous Message Processing

The synchronous message processing interface is straightforward, and presents a convenient interface for getting started with AMPS.

However, the MessageStream used by the synchronous interface makes a full copy of each message and provides it from the background reader thread to the thread that consumes the message. This memory overhead and synchronization between the reader thread and consumer thread happens regardless of whether the application needs all of the header fields in the message or even processes the message. The MessageStream also does not take into account the speed at which your program is consuming messages, and will read messages into memory as fast as the network and processor allow. If your application cannot consume messages at wire speed, this can lead to increasing memory consumption as the application falls further behind the MessageStream.

Most applications see improved performance by using a MessageHandler. With this approach, the MessageHandler does minimal work. If more extensive processing is needed, the MessageHandler dispatches the work to another thread: but it does this only when the work is necessary, and it only saves the part of the message needed to accomplish the work.

Use Hash Indexes Where Possible

When querying a SOW, hash indexes on SOW topics are supported for exact matching on string data as described in the AMPS User Guide. A hash index can perform many times faster than a parallel query. If the query pattern for your application can take advantage of hash indexes, 60East recommends creating those hash indexes on your SOW topics.

Use a Failed Write Handler and Exception Listener

In many cases, particularly during the early stages of development, performance problems can point to defects in the application. Even after the application is tuned, monitoring for failure is important to keep applications running smoothly.

60East recommends always installing a failed write handler if your application is publishing messages. This will help you to quickly identify cases where AMPS is rejecting publishes due to entitlement failures, message type mismatches, or other similar problems.

60East recommends always installing an exception listener if your application is using asynchronous message processing. This will help you to identify and correct any problems with your message handler.

Reduce Bandwidth Requirements

In many applications that use AMPS, network bandwidth is the single most important factor in overall performance. Your application can use bandwidth most efficiently by reducing message size. For example, rather than serializing an entire object, you might serialize only the fields that the remote process needs to act on, as mentioned above. Likewise, rather than sending one message that contains a collected set of information that processors will need to extract, consider sending a message in the units that processors will work with. This can reduce bandwidth to processors substantially. For example, rather than sending a single message with all of the activity for a single customer over a given period of time (such as a trading day), consider breaking out the record into the individual transactions for the customer.

Tune Batch Size for SOW Queries

As described in the section on SOW batch size, tuning the batch size for SOW queries can improve overall performance by improving network utilization. In addition, because the AMPS header is only parsed once per batch, a larger batch size can dramatically improve processing performance for smaller messages.

The AMPS clients default to a batch size of 10. This provides generally good performance for most transactional messages (such as order records or inventory records). For large messages, particularly messages greater than a megabyte in size, a batch size of 1 may reduce memory pressure in the client and improve performance.

With smaller messages (for example, message sizes of a few hundred bytes), 60East recommends measuring performance with larger batch sizes such as 50 or 100 . For large messages, reducing the batch size may improve overall performance by requiring less memory consumption on the AMPS server.

Conflate Fast-Changing Information

If your data source publishes information faster than your clients need to consume it, consider using a conflated topic. For example, in a system that presents a user interface and displays fast-moving data, it is common for the data to change at a rate faster than the user interface can format and render the data. In this case, a conflated topic can both reduce bandwidth and simplify processing in the user interface.

Minimize Bandwidth for Updates

If your application uses a SOW and processes frequent updates, consider using delta publish and delta subscribe to reduce the size of the messages transmitted. These features are designed to minimize bandwidth while still providing full-fidelity data streams.

Conflate Queue Acknowledgments

The AMPS clients include the ability to conflate acknowledgments back to AMPS as queue messages are processed. Using these features, with an appropriate max_backlog, can reduce the amount of network traffic required for acknowledgments.

Use a Transaction Log When Monitoring Publish Failures

When a topic is not covered by a transaction log, AMPS returns acknowledgment messages for every publish that requests one. This ensures that each message is acknowledged, even when AMPS has no persistent record of the messages in the topic. However, acknowledging each message requires more network traffic for each publish message.

When a topic is covered by a transaction log, AMPS conflates persisted acknowledgments. Conflation is possible in this case because AMPS has a full record of the messages and does not have to store additional state to conflate the acknowledgments. With conflated acknowledgments, AMPS will send a success acknowledgment periodically that covers all messages up to that point. If a message fails, AMPS immediately sends the conflated success acknowledgment for all previous messages and the failure acknowledgment for the failed message.

Combine Conflation and Deltas

In many cases, using an approach that combines delta publishes to a SOW with delta subscriptions to a conflated topic can dramatically reduce bandwidth to the application with no loss of information.

Limit Unnecessary Copies

One of the most effective ways to increase performance is to limit the amount of data copied within your application.

For example, if your message handler submits work to a set of processors that only use the Data and Bookmark from a Message, create a data structure that holds only those fields and copy that information into instances of that data structure rather than copying the entire Message. While this approach requires a few extra lines of code, the performance benefits can be substantial.

When publishing messages to AMPS, avoid unnecessary copies of the data. For example, if you have the data in a byte array, use the publish methods that use a byte array rather than converting the data to a string unnecessarily. Likewise, if you have the data in the form of a string, avoid converting it to a byte array where possible.

Manage Publish Stores

When using a publish store, the Client holds messages until they are acknowledged as persisted by AMPS, as determined by the replication configuration for the AMPS instance.

In the event that an instance with sync replication goes offline, the publish store for the Client will grow, since the messages are not being fully persisted. To avoid this problem, 60East recommends that an instance that uses sync replication always configure Actions to automatically downgrade the replication link if the remote instance goes offline for a period of time, and upgrade the link when the remote instance comes back online.

See the “High Availability and Replication” chapter in the User Guide for more information on replication, sync and async acknowledgment modes, and the Actions used to manage replication.

Work with 60East as Necessary

60East offers performance advice adapted for your specific usage through your support agreement. Once you’ve set your performance goals, worked through the general best practices and applied the practices that make sense for your application, 60East can help with detailed performance tuning, including recommendations that are specific to your use case and performance needs.